Summary: Cameroon’s unique position as a sanctuary for refugees from across Africa highlights its commitment to international humanitarian principles. Yet, the controversial forced return of Nigerian refugees between 2016 and 2017 has sparked intense debate about the country’s adherence to international refugee law. This pivotal moment challenges the fundamental principle that no refugee should be returned to a territory where their life or freedom is at risk—a cornerstone of global refugee protection frameworks.

This paper argues that the repatriation of Nigerian refugees from Cameroon, spanning 2001 to 2019, exposes critical tensions between national security concerns and international legal obligations. It interrogates whether these actions respected the principle of voluntariness, a key tenet of durable refugee solutions. Through an analysis of the Cameroonian government’s repatriation strategies, the roles of Nigeria as the country of origin, and the interventions of the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), this study reveals gaps in policy and practice that threaten the rights of refugees.

By spotlighting these dynamics, the paper calls for a reimagined approach to repatriation that prioritizes human dignity, safeguards refugee rights, and upholds international legal standards. This critical evaluation not only challenges the status quo but also offers actionable insights for policymakers, human rights advocates, and international stakeholders.